Records 1 5 10 – Innovative Personal Database System

• Records 1 5 10 – Innovative Personal Database System Pdf

It's common knowledge that the best way to learn something is to practice it in a real-life scenario. Obviously, the same applies to database modeling. Therefore, in this article I decided to teach you how to create a simple database structure, taking a textbook example of a hotel room reservation system. I will show you how to get started and give you some ideas for extending the model.

Database Modeling: Discover, Discover, Discover

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In this article we will design a data model for a hotel room reservation system. We look for a data model where we can represent information about the rooms, the guests and the reservations booked at our imaginary VERTABELO***** Hotel. All this information will be stored in tables.

Database modeling is a cyclic discovery process. We first identify the main tables and its attributes. In our model, the main tables are: room, guest and reservation. Then we continue refining our tables by discovering their attributes or columns. For example, the room table has attributes like: room number, name and smoke flag among others.

Reservation table has attributes date_in, date_out, status (canceled, confirmed) and made_by (online, in_person, phone, mail), while the attributes of the table guest are: first_name, last_name and member_since. Perhaps you feel like the reservation table needs more attributes (like room type, number of beds), we will cover this point later, until then, consider our reservation table incomplete. The following data model created in Vertabelo shows the main tables.

Data Types: What Are the Domains of Allowed Values for a Column?

Note that every column has a data type (varchar, integer, date, boolean) to indicate what kind of values can be assigned to the column. For example, the column smoke on table room is boolean data type, meaning only true or false are the allowed values.

Primary Keys: the Social Security Number of Every Record

Every table should have a column (or more than one) acting as an identifier for every record in the table. This column is called the primary key (PK), and best practices on database design suggest that every table must have a PK.

If we take a look on the previous Vertabelo data model, we will see that every table has a column called id with a PK indicator on the right. These id columns forms the PK (as a convention we name id the PK column).

An important concept, perhaps obvious for many readers, is that a PK column can't have duplicated values. In other words, every PK column has a unique constraint, and any attempt to create a new record with a duplicated value will be rejected with an error by the database manager.

Continue Discovering; Find New Database Objects

A reservation is one of the more complex elements to represent in this data model. One reservation can have many rooms associated with it (for example 'I wish to make a reservation for one double room and a separate room with 3 beds for my kids'). This business requirement adds 4 things to our model:

A new table: We need to create a new table called room_reserved, where we store all rooms belonging to one reservation.

Add two references: Acorn 4 5 4 – bitmap image editor. A reference is a very important element in a data model. A reference describes how one table is related to another table. Email archiver enterprise 3 6 3 download free. In our model, every room reserved belongs to one reservation, so we will use a reference to model that fact. This reference is graphically represented as a line connecting both tables.

Moreover, as every reservation belongs to one guest, we need to create a new reference linking the guest and the reservation tables.

Move a column: Since we can have several rooms belonging to one reservation, we must allow cancelation per individual room, after that we move the attribute status from reservation to reserved_room table.

The updated data model is showed in the following diagram designed in Vertabelo:

What Happens to the Tables Linked by a Reference?

When we create a reference between two tables, one new column is added to one of the tables. This just added column is called a Foreign Key, and acts as a pointer to the other table allowing connections between tables. For example, take a look to the followings diagrams:

Fig. 1 Tables reservation and guest before and after adding a reference

Continue Discovering; Go for More

One point pending to be modeled is the fact that rooms can be in use by some guests for a period of time. To represent this business fact, we added 2 tables: hosted_at and occupied_room.

Note that every person who stayed at the hotel will have a record in hosted_at. This record will have a reference to the room he/she occupied and to the guest. This is why hosted_at has a double reference towards guest and occupied_room.

The table occupied_room will have one record per each room being rented, on this record we can find the fields: check_in and check_out Ps1 games on mac. of type timestamp indicating when the rent begin and finish. A timestamp data type stores a point in time with arbitrary precision. Every occupied_room record will also have a reference to the room number being rented and indirectly via hosted_at to the guests who stayed at this room.

We also added the table room_type to the data model; the idea is to group the rooms by room category or room type. For example 'standard one double bed', 'luxury 2 double beds' can be type descriptions. We also have a max_capacity attribute here.

Exercises: Database design is an easy to approach discipline, however, it takes time to become a subject matter expert. If you are doing your first steps on database design, please try to complete the current data model to allow:

• If two or more guests are sharing a room, allow different check-in and check-out for each guest.
• In some cases hotels can change the configuration of the rooms (for example from standard one double bed to luxury 2 double beds). Add to the data model the elements to represent those configuration changes, maintaining the history of every room.

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Organizations produce and gather data as they operate. Contained in a database, data is typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. Knowing how this can be managed effectively is vital to any organization.

What is a Database Management System (or DBMS)?

Organizations employ Database Management Systems (or DBMS) to help them effectively manage their data and derive relevant information out of it. A DBMS is a technology tool that directly supports data management. It is a package designed to define, manipulate, and manage data in a database.

Some general functions of a DBMS:

• Designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases
• Define rules to validate the data and relieve users of framing programs for data maintenance
• Convert an existing database, or archive a large and growing one
• Run business applications, which perform the tasks of managing business processes, interacting with end-users and other applications, to capture and analyze data

Some well-known DBMSs are Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle, SAP, and others.

Components of DBMS

DBMS have several components, each performing very significant tasks in the database management system environment. Below is a list of components within the database and its environment.

Software
This is the set of programs used to control and manage the overall database. This includes the DBMS software itself, the Operating System, the network software being used to share the data among users, and the application programs used to access data in the DBMS.

Hardware
Consists of a set of physical electronic devices such as computers, I/O devices, storage devices, etc., this provides the interface between computers and the real world systems. Dynamic web twain plugin.

Data
DBMS exists to collect, store, process and access data, the most important component. The database contains both the actual or operational data and the metadata.

Procedures
These are the instructions and rules that assist on how to use the DBMS, and in designing and running the database, using documented procedures, to guide the users that operate and manage it.

Database Access Language
This is used to access the data to and from the database, to enter new data, update existing data, or retrieve required data from databases. The user writes a set of appropriate commands in a database access language, submits these to the DBMS, which then processes the data and generates and displays a set of results into a user readable form.

Query Processor
This transforms the user queries into a series of low level instructions. This reads the online user's query and translates it into an efficient series of operations in a form capable of being sent to the run time data manager for execution.

Run Time Database Manager
Sometimes referred to as the database control system, this is the central software component of the DBMS that interfaces with user-submitted application programs and queries, and handles database access at run time. Its function is to convert operations in user's queries. It provides control to maintain the consistency, integrity and security of the data.

Data Manager
Also called the cache manger, this is responsible for handling of data in the database, providing a recovery to the system that allows it to recover the data after a failure.

Database Engine
The core service for storing, processing, and securing data, this provides controlled access and rapid transaction processing to address the requirements of the most demanding data consuming applications. It is often used to create relational databases for online transaction processing or online analytical processing data.

Data Dictionary
This is a reserved space within a database used to store information about the database itself. A data dictionary is a set of read-only table and views, containing the different information about the data used in the enterprise to ensure that database representation of the data follow one standard as defined in the dictionary.

Report Writer
Also referred to as the report generator, it is a program that extracts information from one or more files and presents the information in a specified format. Most report writers allow the user to select records that meet certain conditions and to display selected fields in rows and columns, or also format the data into different charts.

Great Performance through Effective DBMS

Sp daten v49. A company's performance is greatly affected by how it manages its data. And one of the most basic tasks of data management is the effective management of its database. Understanding the different components of the DBMS and how it works and relates to each other is the first step to employing an effective DBMS.

Records 1 5 10 – Innovative Personal Database System Pdf

– Data Czar @ DEO